Psychology Theories And Theories Of Psychology - 984 Words

There are many theories and beliefs about where psychopathology originates from, that is the beauty of psychology. We can have different views that match or mismatch-specific clients and the services they are seeking, but each approach is beneficial one way or the other. To me, psychopathology originates from our thoughts. The causes of human suffering are problematic thoughts or beliefs. Our thoughts play such an important role in our behaviors and actions. If we have a problematic thought, this is going to affect the way we behave and cause further psychopathology. Our thoughts certainly control our actions and the way we see things; how we approach situations. Thoughts are a vital part of human functioning and learning. If we can change the problematic thought, then, we can change the problematic behaviors. My thoughts on how psychopathology originated from are very similar to the cognitive theory that is already in existence. According to Beck, in the cognitive theory, our thoughts cause us to have distress and, as a result, show problematic behaviors. The cognitive theory helps relieve suffering by focusing on problematic thoughts and changing them with more realistic ones. This in return, will cause a change in our behaviors. As a result, Beck developed a method of therapy: cognitive behavior therapy. The main focus of this developed theory was to help clients deal with depression and help relieve their distress caused by unsubstantiated thoughts. This therapy trulyShow MoreRelatedPsychology : Theory Of Psychology1637 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to Psychology Module 1. Explain how a person committed to each of the following contemporary perspectives would explain human aggression. a. Psychodynamic: A person committed to psychodynamics would see that human functions are based on the interaction of drives and forces within the unconscious mind of a person. This influences different structures of the personality of the person as well. In addition, a person that is committed to psychodynamics would believe that the fundamentalRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychology And Psychology859 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout long history of psychology, there are many brilliant and remarkable psychologists who grew psychology longing as 21st century, today. They have contributed many theories, ideas, and experiments that made study of human mind and behavior much more noble and interesting. As psychology grow older and older, there are many different types of branches that were created, such as psychoanalysis, behavior, cognitive, evolutionary, and developmental. Each branches have changed way society worksRead MoreThe Psychology Theory Of Psychology Essay1458 Words   |  6 Pag esWhen we think about psychology, it is normally thought about the study of the brain, the conscious and unconscious mind. However, there are many different divisions within the psychology field that focus on specific areas that introduce different theories. One of the divisions is the theory of Behaviorism. This theory was developed by John B. Watson and B.F Skinner. The theory implies that environmental stimulus can affect someone’s behavior. This behavioral psychology focuses on how a humans orRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychology And Psychology947 Words   |  4 Pages Before psychology consolidated it self as the school of thought we have come to know today, it went through a number of theoretical adjustments. Freud and Watson became pioneers of two different approaches. Psychodynamics and Behaviorism could be argued to be two of the most pivotal influences on psychology. To really grasp their value we have to understand their individual philosophical influences, founders and their theories. Both have expanded the growth of psychology as a science, but withRead MorePsychology And The Theory Of Psychology999 Words   |  4 Pages Psychology in a continuously growing tree with its roots stemming from the study of reality and knowledge known as philosophy first studied by ancient Greece (Wiley 8). It can be defined as the study of behaviours and mental processes in which behaviours are observable activities, and mental processes include all internal thoughts and emotions. Psychologists often have one (or more) of four goals in mind when they co nduct research: describing, explaining, predicting, or controlling (5-6). Read MoreThe Theory Of Psychology And Psychology1819 Words   |  8 PagesHistorically psychology has tried to establish a unified approach using structuralism. Structuralism explores the structure of the human mind by analysing consciousness into component parts. Psychologists later excluded structuralism in exchange towards functionalism (Magnavita, 2005). Psychology is the scientific study of behaviour and the mind. While behaviour can be directly observed for example through actions and responses, the mind cannot directly be seen for example thoughts. Psychology trustsRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychology And Psychology3461 Words   |  14 Pagesopen fields for far more important researches. Psychology will be based on a new foundation, that of the necessary acquirement of each mental power and capacity by gradation. Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history.† — Charles Darwin While psychology of today follows the discipline’s rich and varied history, the origins of psychology show incomparable differences from the modern understanding of the field. From the beginning, psychology has been tested and bombarded with a tremendousRead MoreThe Theories Of Psychology And Psychology1844 Words   |  8 PagesPsychology is the study of the human mind, it is very complex and it is the source of all thoughts and behaviors. Psychologists study the cognitive, emotional, and social processes by observing, interpreting, and recording how individuals relate to one another and their environments. They take human behavior as data for testing their theories about how the mind works and use human behavior as a clue to the workings of the mind. Everything a person does, think, feel and say is determined by the functioningRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychology And Psychology1599 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology first started in 1879 by Wilhelm Wundt who founded the first lab oratory which specialized in psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany. Wundt used controlled experiments to investigate the mind by using a method called introspection which examined an individual’s mental state to gain an understanding of how our mind works. This approach became known as Structuralism, deals with the study of the conscious mind, with the idea that the conscious mind can be broken down into basicRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychology And Psychology2418 Words   |  10 Pageswas prepared for Psychology 2301 taught by Dr. Anne Perucca Introduction It’s a common misconception that you need to be in a research lab or academic setting to witness elements of psychology in action. The reality is that psychological theories are used almost constantly in our daily lives. Many of these theories are, in fact, a fundamental part of our daily interactions with one’s self and with others. A great example of â€Å"everyday psychology† is demonstrated in the theory of behaviorism; from

Project Management Essay example - 2581 Words

BSBPMG522A ASSESMENT 2 ANSWERS Q.1 - List of 6 different legislation, organizational policies or procedures that may impact on project implementation are as follows: a. The cabinet approval process. b. Office of Parliamentary counsel. c. Consultation wiyh Local Government and National Competition Policy. d. Consultation with other key Stakeholders. e. Tabling in Parliament. f. Timing of Commencement of the Act. Q.2 - Project stakeholders are individuals and organizations that are actively involved in the project, or whose interests may be affected as a result of project execution or project completion. They may also exert influence over the projects objectives and outcomes. If my project starts slipping than I would start the following†¦show more content†¦The outsourced arena is getting more competitive, notes Mr. Reiling, who says that at least for the United States, it may be more cost and time efficient to hire locally these days. If your organization operates in a country saturated with qualified unemployed job-seekers, the same may be true. 4. Technology For IT projects, determine if the technologies being produced have long-term value to warrant the investment. I have seen many projects abandoned as the technologies involved have moved on or the market appetite has changed overnight, says Haroon Malik, PMP, solvency II portfolio manager at Genworth Financial, London, England. Also consider whether the staff in the operations group has the necessary technical skills to use the product once it is complete. If not, youll need to leave room for error and build time into the project to accommodate learning and take care of quality issues along the way, Mr. Reiling says. 5. Organizational Priorities Organizational strategy and goals should always be considered when choosing projects. Its a mistake to take into account only the ROI and overlook how a project will add value to the companys long-term strategic function, says Christian Andrade, PMP, PgMP, CIO of CdF International and financial director of Fumex Tabacalera in Salvador, Brazil. Projects must speak to high-level organizational priorities. What is upper management thinking in terms of future direction? For example, yourShow MoreRelatedProject Management : Projects Management902 Words   |  4 PagesProject Management Project Management. What does the words Project Management mean and what are the steps to managing a great project. If we break down the two words Project Management it is defined on dictionary.com as â€Å"The process of planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling the production of a system†. As shown in the website Project Insight there are multiple different steps in the project management roll such as project scope, life cycle, objectives, assumptions, constraintsRead MoreProject Management and Project Management It3115 Words   |  13 PagesExamination Paper: Project Management IIBM Institute of Business Management Examination Paper Project Management Section A: Objective Type (30 marks) †¢ †¢ †¢ This section consists of multiple choices questions and short answer type questions. Answer all the questions. Part One questions carry 1 mark each and Part Two questions carry 5 marks each. Part One: Multiple choices: 1. During _________formal tools and techniques were developed to help and manage large complex projects. a. 1950s b. 1980sRead MoreProject Portfolio Management : Project Management1432 Words   |  6 PagesProject Portfolio Management (PPM) is the centralized management of the processes, methods, and technologies used by project managers and project management offices (PMOs) to analyze and collectively manage current or proposed projects based on numerous key characteristics. The objectives of PPM are to determine the optimal resource mix for delivery and to schedule activities to best achieve an organization’s operational and financial goals ― while honoring constraints imposed by customers, strategicRead MoreProject Management, Project Communication, And Project Stakeholder Management797 Words   |  4 Pagesareas of project management that stood out while taking this program. Project integrated management, project communication, and project stakeholder management. A discussion on how they are executed will be presented. As more courses were taken during this project management graduate program, many of the project management concepts became clear and revealed more of the interdependencies and intricate dynamics that are required for successful project management. Stakeholder Management Project StakeholderRead MoreProject Management : Project Integration Management1236 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Direct and Manage Project Execution is the process for executing the work defined in the project management plan to achieve the project s requirements/objectives defined in the project scope statement† (comp. PMBOK3, p. 78). The Project Manager helps with the execution of the planned activities, sometimes with the assistance of a project management team for larger projects. This occurs during the execution phase of the project. Figure: Phases of a project When we are completing the work assignedRead MoreProject Management Msc. 7Pjmn009W Project Management Project.1391 Words   |  6 Pages Project Management MSc 7PJMN009W Project Management Project Author: Maria Chico Garrido Date: 06 March 2017 Version: 1.1 Project type: Academic Preferred Supervisor: Proposed Title: How does the use of formal project management methodologies in complex Home Automation projects contribute to project success? Main Deliverables/Milestones: Deliverable Date Project Mandate 09 March 2017 Project Brief: In depth literature review of formal project management methodologies and project success. BackgroundRead MoreProject Management1510 Words   |  7 PagesSystem. You are the project manager on a project to construct a flyover in the city to ease traffic congestion. Flyover construction should cause minimum disruption to the traffic until it is complete. Ensuring safety of the commuters and workers at the site is the responsibility of your company. The date of completion of the project is six months from now. This date cannot be extended because of an upcoming international summit in the city. To achieve the overall project time lines, the followingRead MoreProject Management Project And Change Management1940 Words   |  8 Pages Paper on project management in smart voice project Sohail Kamdar Project and change management Table of contents Name of the topic Page No. Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4-5 View point of project management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Outlook of the project†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5-6 Milestone inventory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6-7 WBS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Plan of project management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7-9 Cost savings plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreProject Management1713 Words   |  7 PagesProject Management The Project Manager has some tasks that have to be carried out, he/she is responsible for the full project. The Project Manager has to make the best use of all the resources so the project can be completed successfully. The project Manager sets the boundaries for the project, such as schedules and what is done and when it has to be completed. There are various tasks the project manager is responsible for such as: 1) Time and resource allocation and management 2) Setting upRead MoreProject Management1015 Words   |  5 Pagesor renewed interest in the field of project management? IT is growing at a rapid rate and with that growth demands people to manage this growth. People I think are more trained to be project managers and also there is new software that helps tremendously with the management part of the tasks. So demand is up, skilled workers are up, and the cost benefit is there for this renewed interest. 2. What is a project, and what are its main attributes? How is a project different from what most people do

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Nutrition †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Nutrition. Answer: Introduction: Obesity is a condition that is shown by an very high or unhealthy amount of body fat, which is considered to have adverse health effetcs. It is caused when more calories are consumed than is expended and can be a result of genetic abnormalities, overeating, consumption of food high in fats and inadequate physical activity (Medlineplus.gov, 2018). Presence of obesity is usually measured by calculating the body mass index of individuals (which is the ratio of weight (kg) and the square of the height in (m)), and a BMI above 30kg/m2 is considered obese (Mitchell et al., 2011). Table 1 below shows the types of BMI and their health risk compared to healthy body weight and waist diameter. As per to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, obesity is a major public health concern among the leading health risks of Australians, with 63% of adults are either overweight or obese (as of 2014-15) and is found to be more common among indigenous Australians (aihw.gov.au, 2018). Australian Obesity Statistics also shows that 10% of Australians are severely obese and 70% of obese adults are suffering from related health conditions which increases the national health costs by 30% (eatingdisordersaustralia.org.au., 2018). The incidence of obesity is also higher among males (28.4%) than females (27.4%), with an increasing trend (18.9% in 1995 to 27.4% in 2014/15), showing highest prevalence among regional and remote areas (69.2%) and disadvantaged status (66.4%) as shown in the figures below. Obesity among Indigenous Australian population According to the 2012-13 Health Survey by Australian Government on Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders, it was found that obesity is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in these populations, and 1.6 times more likely to be suffering from obesity, compared to non-indigenous Australians (Pmc.gov.au, 2018). Figure 5 below shows how obesity is more common in the indigenous Australians compared to non indigenous Australians. Figure 6 shows that native/indigenous children between 2-14 years have 2% higher chance of being overweight and 3% of being obese. Figure 7 shows that that the incidence of obesity is consistently high among all adult age groups compared to non indigenous population, with the highest gap in the age group of 18-24, in which indigenous adults are 19% more prone to obesety compared to non-indigenous counterparts in the same age group. This highlights an overall higher health risks faced by the indigenous populations and the necessity to study measures to reduce the risks The selected population form the health promotion plan is the Aboriginal community is Australia. The selected age group can be children (between 2-14 years) and young adults (between 18-24 year) all of whom have the highest probabilities of obesity, as per the statistics. The World Health Organization identifies the different social determinants of health as: social exclusion, employment conditions, public health programs, early childhood development, women and gender equality, globalization, health system performance and urbanization (who.int, 2018). Studies by Sartorius et al. (2015) studied the different social determinants of health related to obesity. The study found that ethnicity, gender, socio-economic status, dietary intake, physical inactivity, educational status and even marriage can affect the probability of obesity. Health Risks of Obesity: The health risks of obesity includes: coronary cardiac disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, gall bladder stone, pulmonary problems and cancer (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, 2018). Other health risks include: cardiac disease and stroke, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, fatty liver disease and problems during pregnancy (increasing the risk of a c-section delivery). The types of cancer that can occur because of obesity includes: breast cancer, colon/rectum cancer, endometrial cancer, gallbladder cancer, and kidney cancers (niddk.nih.gov, 2018). Among the indigenous populations, the risks of nutrition related chronic health problems are much higher than the general population, and obesity is one of the main risks of morbidity and mortality (healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au, 2018). Different factors are considered to contribute to obesity risks among the indigenous population in Australia that has a complex interplay. Even though the risk of the development of an obesogenic environment prevails through Australia, the problem gets complicated in the indigenous groups due to different geographical, social, economic and infrastructure related factors which affects the availability and choice of food (Lakerveld et al., 2017; ist.psu.edu, 2018) . Other contributors are considered to be: historical, social, geographical, economic, and infrastructure factors which might contribute for the obesity problems in the indigenous Australian population, apart from the genetic factors that also contributes to it (Qasim net al., 2018; healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au, 2018). The genetic risks can be explained by the thrifty genotype hypothesis by Neel (1999). The theory proposes that due to a hunter gatherer lifestyle of certain populations, they have developed insulin resistance to ad apt to the feast and famine conditions. Due to this, an environment with plenty of food and a lack of physical activity can lead to rapid obesity rates. Insulin resistance also is linked to syndrome X, which is a metabolic disorder which further increases risks of obesity (Meigs et al., 2015). Indigenous populations that are exposed to the westernized lifestyle are considered to be more vulnerable to syndrome X. Lifestyle factors like change in diet is also implicated as a risk for obesity (Knibbs Sly, 2014). Since the European occupation, the traditional diet (with low glycemic index) of indigenous population was replaced with diet rich in saturated fats and refined carbohydrates (ist.psu.edu, 2018). The shift from hunter-gatherer lifestyle to a westernized one, and well as the prevalence of unemployment also resulted in a more sedentary lifestyle and limited physical activities (Hughes Kumari, 2017; Haifi et al., 2016). Access to healthy food in remote areas, and higher costs of healthy food, compared to fast food are also significant contributors of obesity among the indigenous populations. Studies have shown that the largest contributors of fat intake were through the consumption of diet high on fat, energy and sugar (Barlow et al., 2016; Imamura et al., 2015). The consumption of sugar sweetened beverages is also higher (4 times the recommended intake) among Aboriginal population compared to non-indigenous populations. Additionally, poverty, high cost of food, poor quality of food in the community stores also increases the prevalence of obesity in this group (NACCO, 2012; Lee et al., 1994; Trewin Madden, 2005; Shannon, 2002; Healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au, 2018; ist.psu.edu, 2018). Informing an effective health promotion and wellness strategy: The Ottawa charter outlines the strategy for health promotion. It considers different conditions as necessities for health and wellbeing, like peace, shelter, education, food, income, stable eco-system, sustainable resource, social justice and equity. Furthermore, improvement in health outcomes requires health advocacy, enable control of individuals over factors that affect their health and mediation of the activities of health promotion (World Health Organization, 2018). In the frameworks of wellbeing, several components are outlined like population, family and community, health, education and training, work, economic resources and housing (Abs.gov.au, 2018). Measurement of wellbeing is a large task that includes the spectrum of birth to death, and encompasses people in a dynamic culture which consists of the natural environment, artificial environment, social arrangements, and human consciousness. The overall wellbeing of people depends on the factors which interact within this culture. The wellbeing is therefore measured by mapping the whole life of an individual and identifying contexts or events that can affect the quality of life, and the wellbeing equation becomes a function of the social, material and natural environments surrounding the individuals (Abs.gov.au, 2018). Care strategies needs to address the frameworks of wellbeing and incorporate the ability to measure it. How the strategies can be used in the improvement of health outcome of the selected population. Improvement in the health outcomes of the selected population can be addressed by the determinants of health that increases the risks of obesity among the indigenous Australian population (Greenwood et al., 2015). Addressing aspects like education and training, work and involving community based action can be suggested (based on the frameworks of wellbeing) which can improve their well being. The proposed strategy can be based upon the structure of the Australian Healthy Weight 2008 initiative that incorporates community wide education, community demonstrations, monitoring evidence as well as performance, coordination and building of capacity. The National Health and Medical Research council designed guidelines for clinical practice to manage the problem of obesity among children and adolescents and adults. The Eat Well Australia action plan published by Strategic Inter-Governmental Nutrition Alliance (SIGNAL) and Dietary Guidelines for Australian Adults, published in 2003, provides specific strategies for the prevention of excess weight gain and monitors the intake of fat and sugar. Be Active Australia plan involves strategies for community education and communication as well as increase of the capacity of workforce, research, monitoring, evaluation, strategic management and coordination. These frameworks mainly highlight the necessity of improving nutrition and control of obesity. Weight loss can also be achieved through the reduction of dietary intake, however long term strategies also should involve changes in behaviour with respect to diet and physical activity. Food purchasing habits should also be addressed in the nutrition intervention and education through the community based programs. Proposed health promotion strategy Based on such aspects, my health promotion plan will include specific aspects from the Ottawa Charter and the frameworks of wellbeing as given below: Education and training of the members of community regarding the risks and health effects of obesity Supporting the individuals to make healthy choice of diet, and providing information on healthy and unhealthy diet Supporting the community members in the engagement in physical activities Helping the community members to have adequate access to healthy food, and limiting access to unhealthy food (like sugar sweetened beverages and die high in saturated fats) Regular monitoring of the health status of the community members, particularly of obese individuals for early signs of health risks Planning interventions for individuals at high risks of co morbidity and supporting them for behavioural or lifestyle changes Supporting the community members to get choose more traditional lifestyle and diet. Considering the different factors that increases the risks of obesity among the selected population, it is important to address these risk factors to alleviate the incidence of the disease and lower the burden on health faced b the individuals of the community. References: Abs.gov.au. (2018).4160.0 - Measuring Wellbeing: Frameworks for Australian Social Statistics, 2001.Abs.gov.au. Retrieved 21 March 2018, from https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/B176042438EE2331CA2571B7000A43A7?opendocument aihw.gov.au. (2018).An interactive insight into overweight and obesity in Australia.Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Retrieved 20 March 2018, from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/overweight-obesity/interactive-insight-into-overweight-and-obesity/contents/how-many-people-are-overweight-or-obese Al-Haifi, A. A., AlMajed, H. T., Al-Hazzaa, H. M., Musaiger, A. O., Arab, M. A., Hasan, R. A. (2016). Relative contribution of obesity, sedentary behaviors and dietary habits to sleep duration among Kuwaiti adolescents.Global journal of health science,8(1), 107. Barlow, P., Reeves, A., McKee, M., Galea, G., Stuckler, D. (2016). Unhealthy diets, obesity and time discounting: a systematic literature review and network analysis.obesity reviews,17(9), 810-819. Dyer, S. M., Gomersall, J. S., Smithers, L. G., Davy, C., Coleman, D. T., Street, J. M. (2017). Prevalence and characteristics of overweight and obesity in indigenous Australian children: a systematic review.Critical reviews in food science and nutrition,57(7), 1365-1376. eatingdisordersaustralia.org.au. (2018).Australia's Obesity Statistics in 2017 - National Eating Disorders and Obesity.National Eating Disorders and Obesity. Retrieved 20 March 2018, from https://eatingdisordersaustralia.org.au/australias-obesity-statistics-2017/ Greenwood, M., De Leeuw, S., Lindsay, N. M., Reading, C. (Eds.). (2015).Determinants of Indigenous Peoples' Health. Canadian Scholars Press. Healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au. (2018).Factors contributing to Indigenous health Overview of the health of Indigenous people in Western Australia 2013 Reviews Western Australia States and Territories Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet.Healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au. Retrieved 21 March 2018, from https://www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/states-territories-home/wa/reviews/our-review/health-risk-factors Healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au. (2018).Summary of overweight and obesity among Indigenous peoples Reviews Overweight and obesity Protective risk factors Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet.Healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au. Retrieved 21 March 2018, from https://www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/health-risks/overweight-obesity/reviews/our-review#fnl-4 heartfoundation.org.au. (2018).Overweight and obesity statistics.The Heart Foundation. Retrieved 20 March 2018, from https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/about-us/what-we-do/heart-disease-in-australia/overweight-and-obesity-statistics Hughes, A., Kumari, M. (2017). Unemployment, underweight, and obesity: Findings from Understanding Society (UKHLS).Preventive medicine,97, 19-25. Imamura, F., OConnor, L., Ye, Z., Mursu, J., Hayashino, Y., Bhupathiraju, S. N., Forouhi, N. G. (2015). Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimation of population attributable fraction.Bmj,351, h3576. ist.psu.edu. (2018).Nutrition in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples.Citeseerx.ist.psu.edu. Retrieved 21 March 2018, from https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.602.1434rep=rep1type=pdf Knibbs, L., Sly, P. (2014). Indigenous health and environmental risk factors: an Australian problem with global analogues?.Global Health Action,7(1), 23766. https://dx.doi.org/10.3402/gha.v7.23766 Lakerveld, J., Mackenbach, J. D., Rutter, H., Brug, J. (2017). Obesogenic environment and obesogenic behaviours.Advanced Nutrition and Dietetics in Obesity, 132. Lee, A. J., O'dea, K., Mathews, J. D. (1994). Apparent dietary intake in remote Aboriginal communities.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health,18(2), 190-197. Medlineplus.gov. (2018).Obesity: MedlinePlus.Medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 20 March 2018, from https://medlineplus.gov/obesity.html Meigs, J. B., Nathan, D. M., Wolfsdorf, J. I., Mulder, J. E. (2015). The metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance syndrome or syndrome X).Available in www. UpToDate. com. Accessed. Mitchell, N., Catenacci, V., Wyatt, H., Hill, J. (2011). Obesity: Overview of an Epidemic.Psychiatric Clinics Of North America,34(4), 717-732. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.08.005 NACCHO, R. (2012). National guide to a preventive health assessment for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.South Melbourne: The RACGP. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. (2018).Overweight and Obesity.PubMed Health. Retrieved 20 March 2018, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0063069/ Neel, J. V. (1999). The thrifty genotype in 1998.Nutrition reviews,57(5), 2-9. niddk.nih.gov. (2018).Health Risks of Being Overweight | NIDDK.National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Retrieved 21 March 2018, from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/weight-management/health-risks-overweight Pmc.gov.au. (2018).2.22 Overweight and obesity | Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Performance Framework 2014 Report.Pmc.gov.au. Retrieved 21 March 2018, from https://www.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/publications/indigenous/Health-Performance-Framework-2014/tier-2-determinants-health/222-overweight-and-obesity.html Qasim, A., Turcotte, M., Souza, R. J., Samaan, M. C., Champredon, D., Dushoff, J., ... Meyre, D. (2018). On the origin of obesity: identifying the biological, environmental and cultural drivers of genetic risk among human populations.Obesity Reviews,19(2), 121-149. Sartorius, B., Veerman, L., Manyema, M., Chola, L., Hofman, K. (2015). Determinants of Obesity and Associated Population Attributability, South Africa: Empirical Evidence from a National Panel Survey, 2008-2012.PLOS ONE,10(6), e0130218. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0130218 Shannon, C. (2002). Acculturation: aboriginal and torres strait islander nutrition.Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition,11(s3). Trewin, D., Madden, R. (2005). The health and welfare of Australias Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.Canberra, Australian Bureau of Statistics. who.int. (2018).About social determinants of health.World Health Organization. Retrieved 21 March 2018, from https://www.who.int/social_determinants/sdh_definition/en/ World Health Organization. (2018).The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion.World Health Organization. Retrieved 21 March 2018, from https://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/previous/ottawa/en/

Types Of People Essays - Adolescence, Educational Psychology

Types Of People In life, there are certain stages one must go through to obtain ones self-identity. These stages are the carefree years of ones youth, the rebellious teenage years, and the passage from a teen into a mature, young adult. Children have the best life. They don't have to wonder and worry. Teenagers have the rebellious, careless type of lifestyle that often gets them into trouble. Young adults look back on their childhood and on their teenage years and laugh at the wonderful memories. In the eyes of children, there is no worry. The days are made to play, and to explore a world that is shinning like a new penny, and as magical as their imagination wants it to be. They make wonderful memories like tasting a fresh orange, and the juice dripping down his/her chin and seeing a butterfly take flight and trying to catch it to feel the soft velvet wings. Children have an uncanny ability to learn. They are full of questions. If given the opportunity to be able to ask these questions and receive the right answers, the constant learning process in children will never cease or be extinguished. There are things one does as a child that are never forgotten. Memories that would bring a smile to the face are sometimes pushed to the back of the mind, but they are never lost. Some of these things are making mud pies, tasting of a favorite food, playing of favorite games, running after fireflies in the dark to make a makeshift flashlight, or a first outing trip to an amusement park. Children have a carefree life, full of surprises and adventures. Kids have the opportunity to be themselves, because at this stage, the pressures of adulthood have not been bestowed upon them. Society has placed a label on the children of today's world. They view the child as sweet and innocent, unlike their older part: the teenager. The teenage years, also called the rebellious years, are one of the most strenuous times of a young person's life. The thought of being told what to do can sometimes overwhelm even the most well adjusted teen. There are new things to explore, some of which may not be appropriate, or for that matter, even suitable for this time of their lives. The teen faces emotional and sometimes physical abuse that in turn lowers the self-esteem of the individual. Some teens face adulthood early by being thrown into a situation like pregnancy. Teens act differently than any other age group. They feel like they own the world and that it should revolve around them and only them. Teens have the most stressful, complicated life of any age bracket. They must put up with the stereotype label of a lazy, rebellious generation that society has placed on them. Adults label teens by the clothes they wear and the people they hang around with. These classifications also influence the placement of teens into different categories among other teens. Due to stressful, agitated, decisions on how to be perfect and popular, teens need a way to get away from it all. While others may find refuge in sports, music, or religious associations, drugs and alcohol become a key factor in the lives of the other teens. When in teenage years, the individual may not feel like this is the best time of his/her life. Once adulthood is reached, they will realize that the major stresses of the teenage years are just minor problems compared to the situations adults face. The next group of people, the adults, have new situations to face. They must choose a career. This means they need to decide whether to school to get a degree or enter the work force right out of school. Sometimes life makes those choices easier for them by supplying key factors like money and accompaniment, which every adult needs. Adults often face the stressful problems that teens face also. Drugs, alcohol, and pregnancy plague the lives of many adults today. The stress of losing a job or not being able to find one can drive an adult to using drugs or drinking alcohol. The idea of starting a family may scare many adults. They worry about not having the money to care and provide for their children. They often wonder if the child is making the right decisions, and often try to decide for them. Finding time for work and finding the time to be with a spouse are some of the stressful problems adults face today.

Entertainment Writing Jobs You May Not Have Considered †Part 1 of 2

Entertainment Writing Jobs You May Not Have Considered – Part 1 of 2 As a former literary manager, I represented film and television writers for the better part of eight years. Many of the talented but less experienced writers who hadn’t yet made a living at the craft were solely interested in creating original screenplays that would be shopped to production companies, studios and packaging agents. They never wished to consider the myriad other ways they could make money in the industry with far less competition, even if such work might lead to their ultimate goals. Here are a few such ideas for those writers seeking to take the road less traveled: Become a Writer’s Assistant Feature film and television writers have assistants that do everything from menial work like rolling calls and faxing to more creative pursuits like researching, writing synopses, doing coverage, and even giving development notes. The hours might be long and the grunt work tiresome, but it’s one of the best ways to see how scripts get produced. It also allows you to make connections with other professionals like agents and producers. In the case of television, you see how a writer’s room runs while taking notes for the staff writers. Moreover, TV shows often promote from within, giving promising assistants an episode to write after a season or two. To get such a job requires tenacity and fortitude, but high turnover rate among industry assistants means jobs are opening up all the time. Join online writers’ groups and attend events to network with other assistants, scour entertainment job aggregators like the UTA Joblist, and post your assistant profile on job sites like Media Match to try and get in the door. Voice-Over Copywriting You hear voice-over in movie trailers all the time. You know the guy who begins Write Educational Materials Those with a more extensive track record and knowledge of the entertainment world could use their talents to help others. Educational materials such as how-to books, film history guides, and resource manuals have become a more viable option with the rise of downloadable ebooks and self-publishing. Having some specific know-how in a given area, whether it’s fundraising, non-linear editing or Italian New Wave directors, makes you more appealing. Reach out directly to university film departments to gauge their interest in your material, even before you create it. If they’re not interested, they may be willing to offer suggestions on materials that would better fit their curriculum. Smaller colleges and certificate schools may be more accessible for those writers who don’t have a master’s degree and a lengthy resume. You can also contact organizations like US-based TES, Journeys in Film or British-based Film Education to see if they’re willing to let you create paid lesson plans or other original teaching materials for their programs. (Tune in next week for Part 2 of Entertainment Writing Jobs You May Not Have Considered)

Definition and Examples of Slips of the Tongue

Definition and Examples of Slips of the Tongue A slip of the tongue is a mistake in speaking, usually trivial, sometimes amusing. Also called  lapsus linguae or tongue-slip. As David Crystal has noted, studies of tongue-slips have revealed a great deal about the neuropsychological processes that underlie speech (The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, 2010). EtymologyA translation of the Latin, lapsus linguae, cited by John Dryden in 1667. Examples and Observations [British Prime Minister]  David Cameron  has accidentally described the 7 May election as career-defining when he meant country-defining, his third gaffe of recent days.  His mistake on Friday was immediately jumped on by his opponents as unintentionally revealing that he was more concerned about his own job prospects than the future of the UK.  It is likely that the prime minister will step down as Tory leader if he is voted out of Downing Street.This is a real career-defining . . . country-defining election that we face in less than a week’s time, he told an audience at the headquarters of Asda in Leeds.(Rowena Mason, Cameron Mocked After Describing Election as Career-Defining.  The Guardian, May 1, 2015)In an apparent slip of the tongue on the campaign trail yesterday, Mitt Romney mixed up the names of Al Qaeda mastermind Osama bin Laden and Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama.The former Massachusetts governor was criticizing Democrats on foreign policy when he said, according to the Associated Press, Actually, just look at what Osam- Barack Obama- said just yesterday. Barack Obama, calling on radicals, jihadists of all different types, to come together in Iraq. That is the battlefield. . . . Its almost as if the Democratic contenders for president are living in fantasyland. . . .Romney, who was speaking at a Chamber of Commerce meeting in Greenwood, S.C., was referring to an audiotape broadcast Monday on Al Jazeera, purportedly of bin Laden, calling for insurgents in Iraq to unite.  Romney spokesman Kevin Madden later explained: Governor Romney simply misspoke. He was referring to the recently released audiotape of Osama bin Laden and misspoke when referencing his name. It was just a brief mix-up.(Marcella Bombardieri, Romney Mixes Up Osama, Obama During S.C. Speech. The Boston Globe, October 24, 2007) We need laws that protect everyone. Men and women, straights and gays, regardless of sexual perversion . . . ah, persuasion . . ..(New York Congresswoman Bella Abzug, quoted by Robert Louis Young in Understanding Misunderstandings: A Practical Guide to More Successful Human Interaction. University of Texas Press, 1999)The Badger State boasts [John] Kerrys most famous slip of the tongue: the time he declared his love for Lambert Field, suggesting that the states beloved Green Bay Packers play their home games on the frozen tundra of the St. Louis airport.(Chris Suellentrop, Kerry Puts the Gloves On. Slate, October 16, 2004)Types of Slips of the TongueNormal speech contains a large number of such slips, though these mostly pass unnoticed. The errors fall into patterns, and it is possible to draw conclusions from them about the underlying mechanisms involved. They can be divided into (1) Selection errors, where a wrong item has been chosen, usually a lexical item, as with tomorrow inste ad of today in Thats all for tomorrow. (2) Assemblage errors, where the correct items have been selected, but they have been assembled in the wrong order, as in holed and sealed for soled and healed.(Jean Aitchison, Slip of the Tongue. The Oxford Companion to the English Language, 1992) Causes of Slips of the TongueMost everyday slips of the tongue . . . are often simply the result of a sound being carried over from one word to the next, as in black bloxes (for black boxes), or a sound used in one word in anticipation of its occurrence in the next word, as in noman numeral (for roman numeral), or a tup of tea (cup), or the most highly played player (paid). The last example is close to the reversal type of slip, illustrated by shu flots, which may not make you beel fetter if youre suffering from a stick neff, and its always better to loop before you leak. The last two examples involve the interchange of word-final sounds and are much less common than word-initial slips.(George Yule, The Study of Language. Cambridge University Press, 2010)Predicting Slips of the Tongue[I]t is possible to make predictions about the form tongue slips are likely to take when they occur. Given the intended sentence The car missed the bike / but hit the wall (where / marks an intonation/rh ythm boundary, and the strongly stressed words are italicized), the likely slips are going to include bar for car or wit for hit. Most unlikely would be har for car (showing the influence of a less prominent word in the second tone unit) or lit for hit (showing a final consonant replacing an initial one).(David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2010) Freud on Slips of the TongueIf a slip of the tongue that turns what the speaker intended to say into its opposite is made by one of the adversaries in a serious argument, it immediately puts him at a disadvantage, and his opponent seldom wastes any time in exploiting the advantage for his own ends.(Sigmund Freud, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901), trans. by Anthea Bell. Penguin, 2002)The Lighter Side of Tongue Slips- Jerry: For my murinal, I was inspired by the death of my grandma.Tom: You said murinal![Everyone laughs]Jerry: No, I didnt.Ann: Yes, you did. You said murinal. I heard it.Jerry: Anyway, sheApril: Jerry, why dont you put that murinal in the mens room so people can murinate all over it?Tom: Jerry, go to the doctor. You might have a murinary tract infection.[Jerry takes down his mural and walks away defeated.]Jerry: I just wanted to show you my art.Everyone: Murinal! Murinal! Murinal!(The Camel, Parks and Recreation, 2010)- I understand you have taken exception to my calling you whores. Im sorry. I apologize. I ask you to note that I did not call you callous-ass strumpets, fornicatresses, or low-born gutter sluts. But I did say whores. No escaping that. And for that slip of the tongue, I apologize.(Paul Newman as Roy Bean in The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean, 1972)- Maizie said, At Sharis, for only fifteen dollars, you can get a haircut and a blow job.Oh? The gentleman looked surprised . . . and interested.Violet leaned over and said, She means a blow dry.Oh, he said, his voice dropping as the full realization of his loss occurred to him.(Tina Welling, Crybaby Ranch. New American Library, 2008)

Quicksand, Identity, and Women's Experience Essay

Quicksand, Identity, and Women's Experience - Essay Example The thesis also tries to compare the work with a similar novel by Larsen which is more or less of the same concept. It then concludes by taking into consideration the criticism in both novels. The thesis shows how both novels portray female characters in three dimensions: they are original, capable of independence, and have a common tragic fate. Class, Race, and Gender in â€Å"Quicksand† â€Å"Quicksand† explores the ways women’s identities are represented through the struggle of Helga to find her place in the contemporary society. She struggles against sexual objectification and exploitation. Through Helga’s fight for sexual autonomy, the book illustrates two stereotypes of African American females which prevail throughout the literature. The novel depicts limitations of stereotypes held across Europe and the United States. The stereotypes’ pervasiveness is conveyed via constant change of settings. For instance, it criticizes reactionary stereotyp es that treated sex with reticence and caution to counterbalance literary and social myths about sexuality of the black women. Helga flees and faces assimilationism and school internalized racism. In Harlem, the novel exposes how the white culture exploits the culture of African American. Helga flees again as she fears sexual objectification. ... The stereotypes were shaped and established by African females in the US (French and Allyson 453). Women who were enslaved were denied their humanity and stripped off their race due to lack of autonomy. The rape legacy contributed to the ruthless exploitation female slaves, which totally deprived African American women of their sexuality. â€Å"Quicksand† connects the dehumanization and exploitation of black women’s sexuality with objectification and exploitation of African American women in the culture of Harlem renaissance. In the primitivism of e Harlem Renaissance, one can see that the USA denied African Americans their identity via enslavement. Celebration of African roots is emphasized as a way differ The Afro-Americans displayed as uncorrupted have become a metaphor. The novel illustrates the prevalence of stereotypes via Helga’s internalizing them. She rates her intelligence to be different from African American race. For instance, Helga while in Harlem v iewed the patrons of African American descent as jungle creatures. Helga felt that being white separated her from the situation of distorted childishness (Nella 59). This novel contests this setting’s unreality and illustrates the cabaret situation in the context of a broader society. Trying to adjust to the life in Harlem, Helga learns that she is an outsider and she is keen of the whites’ dominance which has an intention of intruding cabaret scene. This situation plays out the fear in Helga by personification of the taxi cabs like cabaret dancers, displaying their movements (58). Helga fears that primitive cabaret is in low esteem in the society of the white. Otherwise, they will not pay attention to the African American, which will lead to

The Employment Relationship, Employment Discrimination and Employment Assignment

The Employment Relationship, Employment Discrimination and Employment Regulation - Assignment Example This essay is to build awareness among the readers regarding complex standoffs and dilemmas involved in employment, ignorance from which may lead to harrowing scenarios. Mostly, an employment relationship is a contractual or legal link between employers and employees. All the reciprocal rights, obligations and disciplinary principles decided between employers and workers originate from the foundation of the employment relationship. The existence of an employment liaison is the condition that determines the way labor and social security law provisions addressed to employees can be applied. The importance of this relationship can be judged by the fact that it is the key reflective point for determining the nature and extent of employers rights and obligations towards their workers. With the growing incidents of inconveniences faced by workers all over the globe owing to the ambiguities related to the privacy and termination issues involved in the nature of this relationship, this issue has bagged more and more important in the workplaces. It goes without saying that the root cause of the mounting misunderstandings between employers and employees is th e disguised nature of the employment relationship. The most basic privacy rights of workers that need to be handled carefully include the right to protect the privacy of social security numbers, personnel records, telephonic conversations and the right to disallow listening to all electronic communication systems. Furthermore, many federal and statutory laws emphasize on protecting the privacy of employees’ medical records and information and background screening. Background screening actually identifies different background checks and records that are required by some employers as a part of workers recruiting process. An employer is not allowed to probe endlessly into the worker’s private issues in life. Different state laws and employment legislatures restrict the type of background information.

Farmer V Pilot Essay Example for Free

Farmer V Pilot Essay Does Farmer have any claim(s) for damages against Pilot based on intentional tort? Discuss. Rule of Law : The essential requirements of intentional torts are the elements of intent, injury, damages and causation. The concept of intention does not require that Defendant (D) know that his/her act will cause harm to the Plaintiff (P), but must know with substantial certainty that their act will result in certain outcomes (landing of the plane on the P’s land). To successfully make a claim against D, P must prove that D acted with purpose when he landed the plane on P’s property, that the act was intentional and it lead to the injury suffered by P (loss of land and crops) and the resulting damages to P’s land and crops. It is clear from the facts that that Pilot had clear intent to land the plane on Farmer’s property, that there was injury, that were damages and that it was the act of the Pilot’s that caused the damages. Farmer (Plaintiff P) may have three claims against the Pilot (Defendant – D) for damages based on intentional tort. The potential claims will be on the basis of : a)Trespass to Land Did Pilot trespass on Farmer’s land ? b)Trespass to Chattel Did Pilot trespass on Farmer’s chattel (property i.e. crops) ? c)Trespass to Conversion Did Pilot commit a conversion of Farmer’s property ? Defenses From the Pilot’s perspective, the potential applicable defense privileges that the courts provide to the Defense such that they are not held responsible for their act, are in the form of i) consent, ii) self defense, iii) defense of others (good samaritan) or iv) necessity. Though there are additional defense privileges available under the rule of law, the facts of this case lean towards exploring the said defenses. i.Consent : In the absence of consent from the property owner, consent can be implied by law (in the cases of emergency, when consent cannot be obtained in person) or consent can be implied in fact (when a consent cannot be obtained, but a reasonable person would believe that the property owner would give consent under the same specific conditions). ii.Self defense as a defense would be applicable in the circumstances when a threat is imminent and the subsequent act is reasonable. It is an affirmative defense, which would absolve D of  all liability. iii. Defense of others is a privilege to act when the ‘other’ person being defended has the right to self-defense and a privilege to act, and the force being used by D is acceptable under the reasonable force rule. iv.Necessity : A necessity defense requires the following elements: (1) D acted to avoid a significant risk of harm; (2) no adequate lawful means could have been used to escape the harm; and (3) the harm avoided was greater than that caused by breaking the law. Some jurisdictions also require that the harm must have been imminent and that the action taken must have been reasonably expected to avoid the imminent danger. The necessity defense could either be a ‘public’ necessity or a ‘private’ necessity. A public necessity is a full defense under the doctrine of ‘public good’ and D is not held liable for any damages. A private necessity is a not a viable defense and maybe considered a limited defense since the act that created t he tort was for the benefit of D or a third party. As a result, D may not be liable for the trespass, but is liable for the damages resulting from the trespass. The fact that the intent was driven from necessity, does not change the fact that the landing of the plane on Farmer’s property was intentional, voluntary and without the consent of the Farmer. However, the based on the facts, Pilot has a potential defense in the form of necessity.[1][2] Analysis a)Did Pilot trespass on Farmer’s land ? Trespass to land is defined as a person’s unlawful entry onto another’s land. There are five elements which the plaintiff must show to make prima facie case : I.Intrusion on P’s land was a volitional act by D. II.D acted with the intent of intruding on the P’s land. III.Physical intrusion on the P’s land by D. IV.P was in possession or was entitled to immediate possession of the land when the trespass took place. V.Trespass was caused by the D’s act. Based on the facts, it is clear that the Pilot has a prima facie case for ‘trespass to land’. The facts are clear that the i) Pilot intended to land on the Farmer’s land; ii) Pilot did land on the Farmer’s land; iii) the Farmer had not expressly authorized the entry. [3] However, as a defense privilege we have to review the law in terms of implied consent (implied in-fact and implied in law) and the application of necessity case law. The urgent nature of the circumstances and the availability of limited options (sub-division of homes, trees of vacant land) provide a basis for implied consent. Implied in-fact consent would be an objective manifestation as a reasonable person would consent under the circumstances especially when taking into account the loss of life against the loss of property. Per case law, the courts have ruled that loss of life over-shadows loss of property. Similarly, implied in-law consent would need to be reviewed under the rule of law and the benefit of the public, considering the options between landing on a housing tract versus landing on a vacant farm where the potential of damages would be significantly lower. The same elements of urgency and limited available options also provide the defense privilege under the rule of law of ‘necessity’. If the defense falls under the preview of ‘public necessity’, then D is not liable for any damages and P will not be able to collect any damages from D. However, if the defense falls under ‘private necessity’, D is liable for limited damages to P. As such a key factor to decide under the rule of law will be ‘was this public necessity versus private necessity ?’. Though D took action to minimize loss to the public, the action was also driven by private necessity as D and D’ clients were less likely to be hurt in the vacant field than in the sub-division and/or trees. In addition, the fact that D was a pilot and was flying a commercially paying client will also play a role in deciding public versus private necessity.[4] b)Did Pilot trespass on Farmer’s Chattel ? Trespass to chattel is the intentional interference with the right of possession of personal property of another. The defendants acts must intentionally damage the chattel, deprive the owner of its use for a period of time, or totally dispossess the chattel from the owner. i.An act by D that intentionally interferes with Ps right of possession in a chattel ii.Causation iii.Damages Based on the facts, it is clear that the Farmer does have a valid claim for ‘trespass to chattel’. The elements of causation and damages to the Farmer’s crops are clear. Even though the facts do state that the Pilot ‘did not see the crops from the air as they had been recently planted’), a the Restatement (Second) of Torts indicates that intention is present when an act is done for the purpose of using or otherwise intermeddling with a chattel or with knowledge that such an intermeddling will, to a substantial certainty, result from the act. Based on the rule of law, the Farmer has a valid prima facie claim for ‘trespass to chattel’. c)Did Pilot commit trespass of conversion on Farmer’s property (land and crops) ? The trespass of conversion is similar to the tort of trespass to chattel. Both require D to interfere with Ps right of possession in personal property. However, defendant must have intended to exercise control over the property in a manner inconsistent with the owners rights. However, conversion claims are brought in cases where the damage done to the property is more severe than in a trespass case. The facts of the case do not indicate the severity of the damages or the length of time for the loss of chattel. In the event, that the land was damaged for the longer term where the Farmer was unable to use the land for farming for the longer term, this claim could be made under the laws for ‘conversion’ Conclusion Trespass to land, Trespass to Chattel and Conversion are acts which were committed by Pilot. The Pilot fully intended to land on the Farmer’s property knowing that it belonged to someone else and knowing that they did not have ‘express’ consent to land. The Pilot’s act of intentionally landing in the Farmer’s field caused damaged to the Farmer’s land and crops. However, the Pilot acted within reason, acted as a reasonable person would under the emergency circumstances and did act on the best viable option i.e. landing on vacant farmland versus, a sub-division of homes or trees. The Pilot did not act with recklessness or negligence. As a result, the defense of necessity is applicable. The defense of ‘necessity’ will limit or fully absolve the Pilot from any damage claims from the Farmer. The distinction between public versus private necessity is the deciding factor on the Pilot’s liability towards the Farmer. Though D took a ction to minimize loss to the public, the action was also driven by private necessity as D and D’s clients were less likely to be hurt in the vacant field than in the sub-division and/or trees. In addition, the fact that D was a pilot and was flying a commercially paying client will play a role in deciding public versus private necessity. I believe that it is an act that is not likely to be defined as a ‘public need’ act under case law and as such, the Pilot would be liable to pay reasonable (non-punitive) damages to the Farmer.[5]

Essay on Voltaire’s Candide: Relevance of Candide’s Message Today

Relevance of Candide’s Message in Today's World       Voltaire's Candide is a philosophical tale of one man's search for true happiness and his ultimate acceptance of life's disappointments. Candide grows up in the Castle of Westfalia and is taught by the learned philosopher Dr. Pangloss. Candide is abruptly exiled from the castle when found kissing the Baron's daughter, Cunegonde. Devastated by the separation from Cunegonde, his true love, Candide sets out to different places in the hope of finding her and achieving total happiness. The message of Candide is that one must strive to overcome adversity and not passively accept problems in the belief that all is for the best.    Candide's misfortune begins when he is kicked out of the castle and experiences a series of horrible events. Candide is unable to see anything positive in his ordeals, contrary to Dr. Pangloss' teachings that there is a cause for all effects and that, though we might not understand it, everything is all for the good. Candide's endless trials begin when he is forced into the army simply because he is the right height, five feet five inches. In the army he is subjected to endless drills and humiliations and is almost beaten to death. Candide escapes and, after being degraded by good Christians for being an anti-Christ, meets a diseased beggar who turns out to be Dr. Pangloss. Dr. Pangloss informs him that Bulgarian soldiers attacked the castle of Westfalia and killed Cunegonde - more misery!    A charitable Anabaptist gives both Candide and Dr. Pangloss money and assistance. Dr. Pangloss is cured of his disease, losing one of his eyes and one of his ears. The Anabaptist takes them with him on a journey to Lisbon. While aboard the ship, the ... ... that in life there will be many obstacles which can and should be overcome. Life has its difficulties but the world would be a miserable place if people passively accepted that everything that happened to them was for the best - shrugging off responsibility. Voltaire believes that people should not allow themselves to be victims. He sneers at naive, accepting types, informing us that people must work (be active) to make their happiness.    Works Cited and Consulted: Durant, Will, Ariel Durant. The Story of Civilization: Part IX: The Age of Voltaire. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965. Frautschi, R.L. Barron's Simplified Approach to Voltaire: Candide. New York: Barron's Educational Series, Inc., 1998. Lowers, James K, ed. "Cliff Notes on Voltaire's Candide". Lincoln: Cliff Notes, Inc. 1995. Voltaire. Candide. New York: Viking Publishers, 1996.

Analysis “Angel Pavement” by Priestley

The extract under analysis is written by an English novelist, playwright and a broadcaster, John Boynton Priestly. â€Å"Angel Pavement† is his novel published in 1930. It brought him a great success. Some problems are touched in this novel, for example, a problem of upbringing, a generation gap. Generally, Priestly touches upon problems in the society, emphasizes its inconsistency. The extract dwells upon a common dinner of a family. Mr. Smeeth, the head of a family, compares the behaviour of his children, George and Edna, today and several years ago.He does not accept their views. A protagonist, Mr. Smeeth, presents a common father who wants an atmosphere of mutual aid, understanding and warmth in his family. Initially, Mr. Smeeth is disappointed by his daughter, he can’t understand her. She seems like smthunattractive for him anymore, for instance such words as with the help of which Mr. Smeeth describes his daughter â€Å"grayish-greenish-bluish eyes†, now he ’s not sure, moreover he talks about it with some degree of disgust resorting to such kind of derivative.Actually, practically the whole extract presents thoughts of the protagonist, his inner monologue, instead of the last one where the author by himself makes a kind of conclusion. Such words as â€Å"Mr. Smeeth eyed Edna severely; Edna annoyed him these days† can demonstrate Mr. Smeeth’s attitude towards Edna. John Priestly resorts to such a technique as â€Å"flashback†. So we can observe how Mr. Smeeth treats his daughter at her different ages.A detached construction in the sentence â€Å"He had been very fond of her when she was a child – and, for that matter, he was still fond of her†, this compares his attitude in her childhood and nowadays when she is a teenager. From the point of view Mr. Smeeth, Edna is described with the help of parallel construction as â€Å"neither child nor adult, neither dependent nor independent†, agai n it proves that her father practically doesn’t know her.There is an example of gradation in description of Edna by Mr.  Smeeth’s words: â€Å"She was at her worst: languid and complaining, shrill and resentful, or sullen and tearful; Actually, the last extract presents a piece of argumentation in which the author by himself raises a problem of generation gap and gives examples. There is an example of metaphor â€Å"the product of a changing civilization†. It proves that they are people of a consumer generation. Also there is an example of parallel construction. Mr. Smeeth doesn’t consider his children as someone unique since it’s a characteristic of each parent to distinguish his child among others.For him, George â€Å"a very bright promising boy†, actually only George has positive characteristics in comparison with Edna, however father is not satisfied with his inclinations, he doesn’t see any prospects in his life, moreover he doesn’t believe in his success. There is a bright example with the help of antithesis: â€Å"George was both a disappointment and a mystery†. Mr. Smeeth considers his children to be â€Å"foreigners†, people of different views, behavior, values. Actually, generation gap is an eternal problem which existed for many centuries.

Personal Reflection and What You Have Learned From Field Experience

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Free Essays on The Need For World Development

The need for World Development Wanting and needing are two very different things. If you need something it means you cant live without it. But wanting means you desire, knowing deep down you don ¡Ã‚ ¦t have to have it. So why do some countries feel they need to be more developed than others? The world can be divided into two clear sections as far as wealth, poverty and development are concerned. The Northern Hemisphere is also known 8as the  ¡Ã‚ ¥developed world ¡Ã‚ ¦ because it is supposedly more technological and civilised. It consists of countries like North America, Western Europe and Australasia. It is considered that people living there have a high standard of life and enjoy the benefits of technology. The  ¡Ã‚ ¥developed world ¡Ã‚ ¦ stereotypically has skyscrapers, is very suburban and all houses have electricity and running, clean water. And another quite morbid fact is that people living in the Northern World have a higher life expectancy. In the Southern Hemisphere the countries are described as  ¡Ã‚ ¥developing ¡Ã‚ ¦. Many countries there are very poor. Like Sudan and Somalia. Others are less so such as Bolivia and Columbia. These countries are said to have lower standards of living such as small houses, little food and unclean water. People living there often have no electricity, something I couldn ¡Ã‚ ¦t live without. And they have a significantly lower life expectancy. The Northern World can be called the first world. Is this not unfair? Shouldn ¡Ã‚ ¦t the south world be called the first world, as it is supposedly first in need of the vital things humans require to live? And we are always being told that we as a human race are equal and should treat each other so. But we have been separated so hugely as a race, for such superficial reasons. Why is the third world called the third world and not the second world? Is it so behind the first world in development that it had to be a step further back? Does the  ¡Ã‚ ¥developed worldï ¿ ½... Free Essays on The Need For World Development Free Essays on The Need For World Development The need for World Development Wanting and needing are two very different things. If you need something it means you cant live without it. But wanting means you desire, knowing deep down you don ¡Ã‚ ¦t have to have it. So why do some countries feel they need to be more developed than others? The world can be divided into two clear sections as far as wealth, poverty and development are concerned. The Northern Hemisphere is also known 8as the  ¡Ã‚ ¥developed world ¡Ã‚ ¦ because it is supposedly more technological and civilised. It consists of countries like North America, Western Europe and Australasia. It is considered that people living there have a high standard of life and enjoy the benefits of technology. The  ¡Ã‚ ¥developed world ¡Ã‚ ¦ stereotypically has skyscrapers, is very suburban and all houses have electricity and running, clean water. And another quite morbid fact is that people living in the Northern World have a higher life expectancy. In the Southern Hemisphere the countries are described as  ¡Ã‚ ¥developing ¡Ã‚ ¦. Many countries there are very poor. Like Sudan and Somalia. Others are less so such as Bolivia and Columbia. These countries are said to have lower standards of living such as small houses, little food and unclean water. People living there often have no electricity, something I couldn ¡Ã‚ ¦t live without. And they have a significantly lower life expectancy. The Northern World can be called the first world. Is this not unfair? Shouldn ¡Ã‚ ¦t the south world be called the first world, as it is supposedly first in need of the vital things humans require to live? And we are always being told that we as a human race are equal and should treat each other so. But we have been separated so hugely as a race, for such superficial reasons. Why is the third world called the third world and not the second world? Is it so behind the first world in development that it had to be a step further back? Does the  ¡Ã‚ ¥developed worldï ¿ ½...

Prepositions with Enamored

Prepositions with Enamored Prepositions with Enamored Prepositions with Enamored By Maeve Maddox A reader is troubled by the use of enamored by instead of enamored of. (British enamoured). It may be because I read a lot of British literature, but the only usage with enamored that sounds â€Å"right† to me is â€Å"enamored of,† as in Titania’s remark when waking from the spell in A Midsummer Night’s Dream: â€Å"Me thought I was enamoured of an Asse.† However, another preposition is acceptable with enamored, but it’s not by; it’s with. Merriam-Webster gives these examples: tourists were enamored of the town a beautiful Indian girl with whom he was enamoredWalter Havighurst The verb enamor may be used transitively, as in â€Å"Rosamond Vincy enamored Dr. Lydgate.† That means that she affected him in such a way as to make him fall in love with her. More usually, enamor is cast in the passive: â€Å"Dr. Lydgate was enamored of Rosamond Vincy.† Here, the meaning is that he was inflamed with love for her. Paul Brians, an English professor at Washington State University offers this helpful mnemonic: If you’re crazy about ferrets, you’re enamored of them. It is less common but still acceptable to say â€Å"enamored with†; but if you say you are enamored by ferrets, you’re saying that ferrets are crazy about you. I’ll offer my own view as to how one might choose between of and with to use with this verb: Use â€Å"enamored of† when speaking of romantic love: â€Å"Marc Antony was enamored of Cleopatra.† Use â€Å"enamored with† when speaking of mere fascination or interest: â€Å"Charlie is enamored with his new iPad.† As for â€Å"enamored by,† remember the ferrets. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Because Of" and "Due To" 8 Types of Parenthetical PhrasesJanuary 1 Doesn't Need an "st"

Complaints against the Police Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Complaints against the Police - Essay Example With regard to the budding growth of the concern, the essay also tends to provide a proposal for change policy that leads to increasing policing crimes. In this context, the proposal for a change in policing policy includes a set of effective recommendations that can enable policymakers to reduce different potential issues. Acts of corruption, brutality, and bribery by the people with legislative power have long been witnessed to radically weaken the public faith on the governments. However, the loss of public faith is often regarded to be acute when the legislative acts involved with the police. This is owing to the fact that public, irrespective of their locations relies upon the law enforcement officers in order to uphold legal commandments and ensure adequate protection of the communities and provide assistance when needed. With due regards to various law enforcement reports and analysis, police officers are often considered as the most visible governmental arm for the communities or the citizens. They are often considered to be a yardstick through, which they measure their appropriate authority. The illegal acts performed by the police officers often lead them, to be dishonored not only by himself, but the practices also disgrace the entire legal environment along with the judicial system that he/ she represents (Williams, 2002). Unfortunately, to the growing concern of police officer complaints, there is a number of crucial factors that lead or enable them to commit unethical or illegal practices. In this regard, the organizational culture is often regarded as one of the major aspects that encourage police officers to commit different types of corruption-related acts. Those acts often recognize to be practiced in the form of monetary bribes, misuse of their authorities, or concealing numerous criminal activities.

Paper for the legal environment of business and online commerce Essay

Paper for the legal environment of business and online commerce - Essay Example Legal and illegal migrants are around 2.2 million people. It attracts a small percentage of expatriates or emigrants from Western developed countries. Thailand is a devout, Buddhist country. The national religion is Theravada Buddhism, practiced by over 94.7% of the people in Thai. Muslims consist of 4.6% of the population. The final 0.7% of religious practices belongs to other religions. India influences the culture and traditions in Thailand, Burma, Laos, and Cambodia. Thailand’s international disputes have forced border closures because of the separatist violence in predominately Muslim, southern provinces. The disputes are strengthened with control over Malaysia to stem terrorist activities. Thailand is a Constitutional Monarchy with a Monarch acting as the head of state. The government style is written or codified, unwritten or un-codified, and a blended constitution. Thailand’s Constitutional Monarchy Government is dissimilar from an Absolute Monarchy, the sole source of political power in the state. It is not legally bound by another constitution. The Chief of State is King Phumiphon Adunyadet, reigning since June 9, 1946. His advisor is the Privy Council. The Prime Minister is Abhisit Wetchachiwa, reigning since December 17, 2008. The Deputy Prime Ministers are Korbsak Saphawasu, Sanan Kachornprasat, and Suthep Thueaksuban. They have been the deputy prime ministers since December 22, 2008 (Saphawasu), February 7, 2008 (Kachornparsart), and December 22, 2008 (Thueaksuban). The elections of the monarch are hereditary. The selection of the prime minister is from the members of the House of Representatives. The king appoints the prime minister based on the leader of the party who organized the majority coalition. The term limit is for two four-year terms. The Bi-Cameral National Assembly, known as Rathasapha, consists of the Senate or Wuthisapha with 150 seats.

Static Equilibrium Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Static Equilibrium - Lab Report Example From Newtons 1st law, an object is in equilibrium when it moves at constant velocity (Mathew, 2010, pp5). Static equilibrium is thus a system at rest is said to be in static equilibrium. The summation of equilibrium forces in each direction adds to zero. Also, the total net summation of torque is equates to zero. (Mathew, 2004, p.3).Ã" Fx=0, Ã" Fy=0, Ã" Fz=0, Ã" Ã"Ž=0,Fx becomes the force that occur in the X direction and Fy are the forces that occur in the Y component direction (Mathew,2010.pp.7). Fz is the force acting towards the Z direction. Force in an action as either a push or a pull that acts on an object. It has units given Newton. (N). Torque can be defined as the product as force and distance (r) about a point that causes the object to rotate. This is formal equation for torque is Ã"Ž=FrsinÏ ´ (Mathew, 2014, pp.4).F is the force in Newtons (N), r is the distance from the reference at which that the force acts at from the force vector at an angle from the distance. T orque= (Force) (Momentum arm), by convention a torque creating a clockwise rotation becomes negative torque, and a torque causing a counterclockwise rotation gives positive torque In this experiment, the force acting on a ring on a force table will be broken into constituents. The force, both magnitude and direction it will necessary to balance the ring. Equipment’s such as Force Table, Set of Hanging, Masses set of weights, three mass hangers, Ruler, Torque Balance Stand, string, two balances (Eisenberg, 2009 p.56) The mass for the 50gram disk was calculated. Also, mass of one of the hangers was measure. The mass of the disk was increased to the mass of the hanger, and its sum tabulated. This process was done again for second 50 gram disk and mass hanger. The sum was taken as M2 the components of for both X and Y of the force vectors given that m1 positioned at an angle of 40 degrees, and m2 is at 120 degree. In order to obtain the magnitude direction, a third force is necessary to balance

Oregon Wines Essay Example for Free

Oregon Wines Essay Although winemaking dates back to 1840’s, in Oregon, commercial production began in 1960’s (Hall). Having a relatively short history of 50 years, today, Oregon is the third largest wine producer state of United States. As of 2009, the state hosts to 453 wineries which are mostly small and family-owned (Wine Communications Group). History of the Oregon Wine Industry The first grape plantation in the region was made by horticulturist Henderson Luelling, in Willamette Valley by 1847. By the 1850’s Peter Britt started growing wine grapes in his Valley View Vineyard, today’s Applegate Valley. According to the census; in 1860, wine production was 11,800 litres (2,600 gallons) in Oregon (Hall). By the 1880’s, Edward and John von Pessls planted Zinfandel, Riesling, and an unkown variety of Sauvignon in southern Oregon. At the same times in the north, in Willamette Valley, Ernest Reuter has been growing Klevner wines which brought him a gold medal at St. Louis World’s Fair of 1904 (Hall). The wine industry in Oregon closed down in 1919 because of the Prohibition. It revived by the late 1930’s as a fruit wine-based producer region. At that time there were only two producers, Louis Herbold and Adolph Doener growing grapes. Oregon’s wine industry was also damaged by the success of California winemakers (Hall). The rebirth of Oregon wines dates back to 1961, when Richard Sommer founded Hill Crest Vineyard near Roseburg. Although the production was based on Riesling, he also planted some Gewurztraminer, Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, and Cabernet Sauvignon. In 1965, David Lett, the owner of Eyrie Vineyard, planted his first Pinot Noir near Convallis and after 1966, continued the production at Willamette Valley in the Dundee hills. This was the beginning of the era of Pinot Noir which Oregon is nowadays famous for (Hall). By the 1970’s many winemakers immigrated to Oregon from California. Some of them where David and Ginny Adelsheim, Dick Erath, Dick and Nancy Ponzi, Jerry and Ann Preston, Pat and Joe Campbell, Susan and Bill Sokol Blosser and Myron Redford. However, David Lett was the one who placed Oregon on the world’s wine map. In 1980, 1975 Eyrie Vineyard’s South Block Reserve Pinot Noir came second in the grand tasting of wines sponsored by the French Gault Millau guide and this called the attention of press to Oregon as a wine producer state (Hall). In 1990, Oregon was hosted to 70 wineries and 320 growers in 5,682 acres vineyard. In the early 1990s, Oregon wine industry got into the danger of Phylloxera infestation which was prevented quickly by the use of resistant rootstocks. Some beneficial laws for winemakers were enacted by the Oregon Legislature in 1995. For instance, direct in-state shipment from wineries to customers and in-store tasting were legalized (Chemeketa Community College). In 2000, the number of wineries had increased to 135 and 500 growers had been engaged in grapery in 10,500 acres vineyard. In the 2000’s producers have began giving importance to green wine production in Oregon (Chemeketa Community College). An Oregon non-profit organization, Low Input Viticulture and Enology, Inc. , has been certifying wineries for meeting certain environmental standards (Low Input Viticulture and Enology, Inc. ) In 2005, there were 314 wineries and 519 vineyards in Oregon (Chemeketa Community College). Grape Varietals Grown in Oregon Red Wine Varieties| White Grape Varieties| Baco Noir| Chardonnay| Barbera| Chenin Blanc| Black Muscat| Early Muscat| Cabarnet Franc| Gewurtztraminer| Cabarnet Sauvignon| Huxelrebe| Carmine| Melon| Dolcetto| Muller Thrugau| Gamay Noir| Muscat Canelli| Grenache| Pinot Blanc|. Leon Millot| Pinot Gris| Malbec| Riesling| Marechal Foch| Sauvignon Blanc| Merlot| Scheurebe| Petit Verdot| Semillon| Pinot Meunier| Viognier| Pinor Noir| | Sangiovese| | Syrah| | Zinfandel| | (Bernard’s Wine Gallery) Types of Wine Produced in Oregon In Oregon, wine production is mostly based on Pinot Noir and the state is one of the first Pinot-producing regions in the world. Apart from the list below indicating the wine varieties, the state also produces sparkling wine, late harvest wine, ice wine, and dessert wine (Hall). Red Wine Varieties| White Wine Varieties|. Produced in great amount| Cabarnet Sauvignon| Gewurtztraminer| Pinot Noir| Muller Thurgau| Syrah| Pinot Blanc| | Sauvignon Blanc| | Semillon| Produced in smaller amount| Baco Noir| Arneis| Cabarnet Franc| Chenin Blanc| Dolcetto| Viognier| Gamay Noir| | Grenache| | Marechal Foch| | Malbec| | Muscat| | Nebbiolo| | Petit Syrah| | Sangiovese| | Tempranillo| | Zinfandel| | Viticultural Area of Oregon Willamette Valley â€Å"Willamette Valley is the largest AVA of Oregon, running from the Columbia River in Portland south through Salem to the Calapooya Mountains outside Eugene†. The valley is 150 miles long and almost 60 miles wide (Oregon Wine Board). In the valley, summers are generally warm and arid and the winters are cool and rainy. It is ideal for cool climate grapes due to its temperate climate and coastal marine influences. During the growing season, the valley has more daylight hours than other areas of Oregon (Oregon Wine Board). â€Å"The Willamette Valley is an old volcanic and sedimentary seabed that has been overlaid with gravel, silt, rock and boulders brought by the Missoula Floods from Montana and Washington between thousands of years ago. Red Jory soil is the most common volcanic type in the region and provides excellent drainage for superior quality wine grapes. † (Oregon Wine Board) â€Å"The valley is surrounded by the Coast Range to the west, the Cascades to the east and a series of hill chains to the north† (Oregon Wine Board). The Willamette River runs through the middle of the valley. Most of the vineyards are concentrated on the west of this river, on the slopes of the Coast Range, or among the valleys and they are mostly located a few hundred feet above sea level (Oregon Wine Board). Columbia Valley Although the Columbia Valley AVA is an 11 million acre growing region, only a small section with 185 miles wide and 200 miles long lies in Oregon (Oregon Wine Board). The valley has a mostly continental high desert climate. The hot days and cool nights provide slow, even ripening and helps grapes keep their natural acidity. Annually, the area only receives 6 to 8 inches of rainfall which makes supplemental irrigation essential in the entire region (Oregon Wine Board). The area is covered with silt and sand which was deposited about 15,000 years ago. The deposited silt and sand came to the region 15,000 years ago because of a series of massive ice age floods and wind-blown loess sediment. Today the region is mostly covered by loess (fine grained calcerous silt) which is well drained and ideal for grapevines (Oregon Wine Board). The Columbia Valley mostly lies on the Columbia River Plateau. The valley is bordered by the mountain ranges on the west and north, by the Columbia River on the south and by the Snake River near Idaho on the east (Oregon Wine Board). Walla Walla Valley. As a sub-appellation of the Columbia Valley AVA, The Walla Walla Valley AVA is in the northeast of Oregon. Although most of the wineries of Walla Walla Valley are located in Washington, almost half of the vines are produced in the Oregon side (Oregon Wine Board). The region has long sunshine-filled days and cool evening temperatures. Annual rainfall is 12. 5 inches due to the Cascade Mountain Range. Therefore, irrigation is necessary for grape growing (Oregon Wine Board). The soils of the region consist of varying combinations of well-drained loam, cobbles, silt and loess (Oregon Wine Board). The valley is located at the foot of the Blue Mountains, with vineyard elevations varying from 650 to 1,500 feet. Cascade Mountain Range borders the western side of the valley (Oregon Wine Board). Umpqua Valley The Umpqua Valley AVA is surrounded by the Coast Range from the west, the Cascade Range from the east, the Willamette Valley AVA from the north and the Rogue Valley AVA from the south. The valley is 65 miles long and 25 miles wide. Umpqua River runs nearby the valley (Oregon Wine Board). There are three different climatic sub-zones in the valley. First one is the northern area around the town of Elkton which has a cool, marine-influenced climate suitable for cool-climate grape varieties. Annual rainfall is around 50 inches; therefore, the viticulturists only benefit from the rain to grow their vines. Second is the central area to the northwest of Roseburg which has an intermediate climate allowing both cool and warm varieties to grow. Last area is located on the south of Roseburg. It is suitable for warm-climate varieties, such as Tempranillo, Syrah and Merlot. This area is more arid which makes irrigation necessary (Oregon Wine Board). The Valley has diverse soils with more than 150 soil types. â€Å"The valley floor levels have mostly deep alluvial or heavy clay materials, while the hillsides and bench locations have mixed alluvial, silt or clay structures† (Oregon Wine Board). The Umpqua Valley is made up of a series of interconnecting small mountain ranges and valleys. The complex topography of the valley is a result of the collision of the Klamath Mountains, the Coast Range and the Cascades (Oregon Wine Board). Rogue Valley The Rogue Valley AVA is located in the border of California. It is 70 miles wide by 60 miles long. Rogue Valley has the highest elevations of Oregons winegrowing regions on the east. However, it is also the warmest and the driest, allowing the winemakers to grow warm-weather varieties such as Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon Blanc. Cool-weather varieties, including Pinot noir do well here due to the mountain and ocean influences (Oregon Wine Board). Rogue Valley has various soil types, ranging from sandy loam to hard clay (Oregon Wine Board). Vineyards are generally located 1,200 to 2,000 feet above the sea level and planted on hillsides. The Klamath Mountains, the Coastal Range and the Cascades converging in Rogue Valley lead to a diverse landscape. Besides, the namesake river and its tributaries, the Applegate, Illinois and Bear Creek Rivers run though the valley (Oregon Wine Board). Viticultural Practices in Oregon In Oregon, viticulturists mainly use vertical shoot position (VSP) training. However, combination of Scott Henry and Lyre is also used, with lesser amounts of GDC and hanging. Standard rootstocks used in Oregon are 101-14 and 3309, with a lot of 5C and SO4. Low to moderate vigor sites are being developed to keep the canopies small. Although some meter by meter plantings exist, majority of the vineyards are falling into the 84 to 95 range for quality. Creative viticultural practices are being used in Oregon, for example, â€Å"Joel Myer, a local vineyard consultant, uses a sensible linear feet of trellis formula to determine yields. He suggests that a pound of fruit per foot of trellis will give optimal fruit quality. At Bethel Heights Vineyard, Ted Casteel thins all Pinot Noir to one cluster per shoot. He is also experimenting with planting vines side by side, about a foot apart, and training to single guyot, to increase vine competition and slow vigor. He is also taking one of his most successful Pinot Noir fields on vertical shoot position (VSP) training and converting it to Scott Henry, just to see if opening the canopy will help enhance the ripening process and flavor development (Chien). † â€Å"Oregon has been committed to sustainable winegrowing and earth-friendly practices. Numerous vineyards of the state are certified sustainable, organic, or biodynamic† (Voorhees). Two main organizations that certify Oregon’s vineyards and wineries as sustainable are LIVE and OCSW. Low Input Viticulture Enology (LIVE). LIVE is an organization that provides education and independent third-party certification approving that the vineyards and wineries use international standards of sustainable viticulture and enology practices. They have been certifying vineyards and wineries in Oregon since 1999, in Washington since 2006 and nowadays in all of the Pacific Northwest. LIVE cooperates with Salmon-Safe in order to point out the watershed impacts and administers the Carbon Reduction Challenge, an organization helping wineries achieve energy efficiencies (Voorhees). Oregon Certified Sustainable Wine (OCSW). Founded in 2008, OCSW highlights the commitment of Oregon wineries to the responsible grape growing and winemaking. The organization certifies wine growers who meet both agricultural and winemaking requirements on sustainability and provides them a certification logo to be easily recognized by customers. To meet the agricultural requirements, 97% of the grape must be certified by LIVE, USDA Organic, Demeter Biodynamic, or Food Alliance and Salmon-Safe. On the other hand, to meet the winemaking requirements, the winery must be certified by LIVE, USDA Organic, Demeter Biodynamic, or Food Alliance (Voorhees). Producers within Oregon Valley View Winery Valley View Winery, owned by Wisnovsky family, is located in the Applegate Valley AVA, Southern Oregon. Valley View was founded in 1972 and it is one of the oldest wineries in Oregon. Valley View is famous for its pioneering efforts in producing Bordeaux varieties and blends. They mainly use grapes from the Applegate and Bear Creek Valleys of Southern Oregon’s Rogue Valley and produce Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Tempranillo, Viognier, Sauvignon blanc, Rousanne, Chardonnay and Syrah (Valley View Winery). The Eyrie Vineyards. The Eyrie Vineyards was founded by David Lett in 1966. It is composed of 49 acres in several different vineyards in Dundee Hills, Oregon which is a sub-American Viticultural Area (AVA) of Willamette Valley AVA. David Lett produced the first Pinot gris in the United States and first Pinot Noir in the Willamette Valley. The Eyrie Vineyards divide their production into three as Estate Reserve wines, Estate wines, and Limited Bottlings. All grapes for their Estate Reserve wines; Pinot noir and Chardonnay, come from Eyrie’s original planting. This is the oldest plating in the Willamette Valley at 40 years. The grapes for Eyrie’s Estate wines come mostly from their three other vineyards; Stonehedge, Sisters, and Rolling Green Farm which were planted in the 1980’s. They grow Pinot Noir, Pinot Gris and Chardonnay. Finally, their small production, limited bottling wines include Muscat Ottonel, Pinot Blanc and Pinot Meunier (The Eyrie Vineyards). Abacela Vineyard and Winery In 1992, Earl and Hilda Jones bought a 19th century homestead in southern part of the Umpqua Valley to produce Tempranillo wines which they fell in love to in Spain. In 1994 they built the winery and began planting the Tempranillos they purchased from California. They chose the Umpqua Valley because of its similar climate to the one of Spain’s Rioja and Ribera del Duero regions where Tempranillo grapes are grown. Today, in addition to the eight different Tempranillo clones at Abacela, they grow grapes and produce wine from Spains white variety, Albarino, as well as other Iberian varieties including Graciano, Tinta roriz and Bastardo (used in the production of port-style wines) and French varieties such as Syrah, Grenache, Cabernet sauvignon, Merlot, Malbec, Petit verdot and Viognier (Wines Northwest). Bibliography Abacela Vine Wine Center in Oregons Umpqua Valley Wine Region. Wines Northwest. N. p. , n. d. Web. 29 Oct. 2012. http://www. winesnw. com/abacela. htm. About The Eyrie Vineyards. The Eyrie Vineyards. N. p. , n. d. Web. 29 Oct. 2012. http://www. eyrievineyards. com/journal/? page_id=4. Chien, Mark L. The Oregon Wine Community and Its Viticulture. Pennsylvannia Wine Grape Network. Penn State Cooperative Extension, n. d. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. http://www. pawinegrape. com/uploads/PDF%20files/Documents/Travelogues/Other%20Locals/The%20Oregon%20Wine%20Industry%20and%20its%20Viticulture. pdf. Hall, Lisa Shara. History of the Oregon Wine Industry. History of the Oregon Wine Industry. Ed. Mitchell Beazley. N. p. , n. d. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. http://avalonwine. com/Oregon-Wine-history. php. History of Oregon Wine. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 22 May 2012. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_Oregon_wine. Low Input Viticulture and Enology, Inc. N. p. , n. d. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. http://www. liveinc. org/. Northwest Viticultural Center: Oregon Wine Historical Milestones. Discover Chemeketa Community College. Chemeketa.